Shearer, Gordon, Tusiani, Michael D.

 

Shearer, Gordon, Tusiani, Michael D.

9

29

 

PennWell (Visit publisher website)

2007

English

 

 

 

Basic

 

 

Brass LNG (planned), cost-based liquefaction, commodity-trading operations, cost-plus return system, destination flexibility, destination restrictions, economic rent, fixed-price feedgas, financial chain, gas trading, Hazira terminal, host country agreements, LNG pricing, inflexible contract terms, Indonesian crude price (ICP), international oil companies (IOCs), investment banks, Japan Customs Cleared Price (JCC), joint venture structure, requirements by lenders, limited-recourse debt financing, liquefied natural gas merchants, liquefied natural gas off-take, liquefied natural gas SPAS, merchant trading by major oil and gas companies, marine facilities construction, standardized master contracts, National Balancing Point (NBP), toll-based liquefaction, official credit enhancement agencies, oil-indexed pricing, project finance, project formation, project risk, retail deregulation, retail commitment

 

Every LNG project requires a chain of facilities, organizations, and contracts connecting the resource and the end user. The physical chain runs from gas exploration, production and processing, pipeline transportation, liquefaction, shipping, importation, regasification to distribution. Alongside this physical chain is a parallel chain of business ventures, governments, and contracts that bind the links of the gas and LNG chain, divide the revenues to support the financing of the facilities and operations, and allocate and assign risks. Assembling this chain is often described as project formation.

 

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Monopoly Utilities and the Project-Chain Business Model
9.3 The Emergence of LNG Markets
9.4 Supply Project Structure and Formation
9.4.1 Requirements for an LNG projects
9.4.2 Project formation
9.5 LNG SPAS
9.5.1 LNG pricing
9.5.2 LNG off-take
9.6 Shipping
9.7 Funding
9.8 Evolving Project Venture Structures
9.8.1 Types of project ventures
9.8.2 The Atlantic Basin market and project development
9.8.3 The Asia-Pacific market and project development
9.9 LNG Industry Trends: The Emergence of Commercial LNG
9.10 Project Finance
9.10.1 History and motivation
9.10.2 Advantages of project finance
9.10. 3 Risk mitigation
9.10.4 Structure and participants
9.11 Performance
9.12 Notes

 

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** From Publisher
The demand for natural gas rises annually, straining existing suppliers, and emerging markets often aren’t accessible by pipeline. Here in everyday language and real-world examples is the clear presentation of LNG as the most viable energy answer. Using even the most conservative estimates, demand for LNG internationally will double by 2020, and billions of dollars will be needed for the infrastructure investment. This straightforward explanation of a complex industry proves that LNG can deliver a critical link in the energy demands of international economies.

With a proven track record of safety and reliability, the LNG industry stands ready to bridge the international gap between supply and demand in energy transport. Readers will realize the complexity of this industry, which involves an intricate link of critical companies, governments and stand-alone facilities.